PARTS OF THE COMPUTER. Basic Components. Case or Tower - This is the plastic box that contains the computer. Housed in the case, you will find the floppy drive, CD ROM drive, and the main components of the computer. Some of these are the hard drive, motherboard and the processor chip (CPU). The case keeps.

You should ask more specifically. Basically, the CPU executes all the programs. You may, very roughly, imagine it as an automatic piano where a long roll of paper with stamped-in holes controls the song the piano plays. The CPU is just like that. In electronic form it gets a long list of commands it executes and which either cause some action, which ultimately leads to some visible result on your screen or your printer or something, or have the CPU continue program execution at another location of the long list. This all is implemented using electronic logical circuits, which, in modern CPUs, are overly complicated.

To learn how a CPU works there are educational CPU models and CPUs from the 70s available. You need to take classes in order to really understand this.

In the end, a CPU can only perform mathematical operations: - logical operations - adding / substracting, multiplicating, with extensions like ISSE matrix multiplications etc. - loading and storing data - determine program flow by comparison of the results of mathematical operations with given values. • Tell us some more • Upload in Progress • Upload failed. Airowizard For Windows 7. Please upload a file larger than 100x100 pixels • We are experiencing some problems, please try again. • You can only upload files of type PNG, JPG, or JPEG.

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Introduction So you're shopping for a new computer in an electronics store and you're trying to make sense of the technical specifications. One computer that looks pretty cool has a 64-bit quad-core Intel i7 3.5 GHz processor. Sounds impressive, but what does it really mean? The last computer you bought a few years ago had a sticker on it that said Pentium 4, but you don't remember the details. The computer was getting sort of slow, but why would you need a 64-bit quad-core?

Why exactly is this better than the processor in your old computer? To understand what the specifications mean, we first have to look at how the processor is designed and how it functions. Definitions The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system. The CPU is like the brains of the computer - every instruction, no matter how simple, has to go through the CPU.

So let's say you press the letter 'k' on your keyboard and it appears on the screen - the CPU of your computer is what makes this possible. The CPU is sometimes also referred to as the central processor unit, or processor for short. So when you are looking at the specifications of a computer at your local electronics store, it typically refers to the CPU as the processor. When we start to look at the various components of a CPU and how they function, remember that this is all about speed.

When we use a computer, we want the instructions to be carried out very fast. As the instructions become more complicated (for example, creating a 3D animation or editing a video file), we demand more from the CPU.

Thus, the technological advances we have seen in processor technology have largely been driven by the need for speed. Components A typical CPU has a number of components. The first is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs simple arithmetic and logical operations.

Second is the control unit (CU), which manages the various components of the computer. It reads and interprets instructions from memory and transforms them into a series of signals to activate other parts of the computer. The control unit calls upon the arithmetic logic unit to perform the necessary calculations. Third is the cache, which serves as high-speed memory where instructions can be copied to and retrieved. Early CPUs consisted of many separate components, but since the 1970s, they have been constructed as a single integrated unit called a microprocessor.

As such, a CPU is a specific type of microprocessor. The individual components of a CPU have become so integrated that you can't even recognize them from the outside. This CPU is about two inches by two inches in size. Top-view of an Intel CPU - because it is a single integrated unit, the components are not visible from the outside Bottom-view of an Intel CPU - the gold plated pins provide the connections to the motherboard CPUs are located on the motherboard. Motherboards have a socket for this, which is specific for a certain type of processor. A CPU gets very hot and therefore needs its own cooling system in the form of a heat sink and/or fan. CPU located on a motherboard with a heat sink and fan directly on top The ALU is where the calculations occur, but how do these calculations actually get carried out?

To a computer, the world consists of zeros and ones. Inside a processor, we can store zeros and ones using transistors. These are microscopic switches that control the flow of electricity depending on whether the switch is on or off. So the transistor contains binary information: a one if a current passes through and a zero if a current does not pass through.

Transistors are located on a very thin slice of silicon. A single silicon chip can contain thousands of transistors.

A single CPU contains a large number of chips. Combined, these only cover about a square inch or so. In a modern CPU, however, that square inch can hold several hundred million transistors - the very latest high-end CPUs have over one billion! Calculations are performed by signals turning on or off different combinations of transistors. And more transistors means more calculations. You may be interested to know that the material, silicon, used in chips is what gave the Silicon Valley region of California its name.

Early CPUs were quite bulky and did not contain as many transistors as they do today. Chip manufacturers, such as Intel and AMD, have invested a lot of research into making everything smaller and fitting more transistors inside a single processor. So when there is a new generation of chips, it typically means they have come up with a smarter way to pack more processing power into a single CPU. The general name of the processor, such as Intel Pentium 4, Intel i7, AMD Athlon, and AMD 870, refers to the underlying architecture of the CPU. There are so many different ones that it can be hard to figure out what you really need in a new computer. The best way is to go with the latest processor type that falls within your budget.

Clock Rate The clock rate of a processor is the speed at which instructions are executed. This speed is regulated using an internal clock and is expressed as the number of clock cycles per second.

Modern CPUs can process billions of calculations per second. The unit used to express the clock rate is hertz, abbreviated as Hz. So when a processor has a clock speed of 3.5 GHz that means 3.5 gigahertz, or 3.5 billion clock cycles per second.

Faster is better, but higher speeds mean higher costs. Integer Range So what does it mean when a processor is 64-bit? This is referred to as the integer range and defines how a CPU represents numbers. Bits are binary digits: zero and one.

This is rather simple, so to represent more complicated numbers, we need more bits. For example, using 8 bits means there are 2^8, or 256 unique values. Modern CPUs are 64-bit, which means 2^64 unique values, which is more than 18 quintillion! What this means in practical terms is that 64-bit CPUs can work with extremely large numbers, which makes them faster than older 32- or 16-bit CPUs. Parallel Computing and Multi-Core CPUs Computer manufacturers are always looking to improve the overall performance of a computer system, and a faster CPU is a big part of that.

There are physical limits to the clock speed and how close together you can place transistors on a silicon chip. One solution is to place multiple processors inside a single CPU. Using two processors is referred to a duo-core and using four processors is referred to as a quad-core. Most new computer systems on the market today are quad-core, but CPUs with even more processors are likely to come out in the near future. More cores will cost more.

Photograph of an Intel quad-core processor located on a motherboard Using multiple cores is not as easy as it may sound. It requires a new form of computing known as parallel computing. This means that instructions have to be split up into separate pieces that can be handled by separate processors. Once complete, the results have to be combined again to make sense. Robust approaches to parallel computing have been developed, and as a result, multi-core CPUs have now become standard in regular computer systems.

Lesson Summary In summary, a CPU is the brain of a computer, processing all the instructions you give it. A CPU has various components to receive the instructions, process them, and then transform them into signals to activate other parts of the computer.

The calculations are performed using microscopic switches, known as transistors, which are located on silicon chips. To make CPUs work faster, a number of technological innovations have been implemented: • Pack more transistors into a single CPU • Increase the clock speed of the CPU • Increase the integer range used to represent numbers • Employ multiple cores inside a single CPU Learning Outcomes Once you are done with this lesson you should be able to: • Describe what a CPU is and how it works • List some of the components of a CPU • Remember the meaning behind common CPU terminology • Recall some of the recent improvements that make computers faster.